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Hemolytic anemiaDefinition: Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells in the blood, due to the premature destruction of red blood cells. There are a number of specific types of hemolytic anemia, which are described individually.
Alternative Names: Anemia - hemolytic
Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells. If the bone marrow is able to keep up with the early destruction, anemia does not occur (this is sometimes called compensated hemolysis).
There are many types of hemolytic anemia, which are classified by the reason for the premature destruction of red blood cells. The defect may be in the red blood cell itself (intrinsic factors ), or outside the red blood cell (extrinsic factors).
Intrinsic factors are often present at birth (hereditary). They include:
- Abnormalities in the proteins that build normal red blood cells
- Differences in the protein inside a red blood cell that carries oxygen (hemoglobin)
Extrinsic factors include:
- Abnormal immune system responses
- Blood clots in small blood vessels
- Certain infections
- Side effects from medications
Types of hemolytic anemia include:
Signs and tests: These are tests for red blood cell destruction (hemolysis). Specific tests can identify the types of hemolytic anemia. They are usually performed when hemolysis is suspected or has been determined.
Directly measuring the red cell life span with radioactive tagging techniques shows a shortened life span.
This disease may also affect the following test results, depending on the specific cause:
Treatment: Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia. Folic acid , iron replacement, and corticosteroids may be used. In emergencies, a blood transfusion or removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be necessary.
Expectations (prognosis): The outcome depends on the type and cause of hemolytic anemia.
Complications: The complications depend on the specific type of hemolytic anemia. Severe anemia can cause cardiovascular collapse (failure of the heart and blood pressure, leading to death). Severe anemias can worsen heart disease, lung disease, or cerebrovascular disease .
Calling your health care provider: Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of hemolytic anemia.
Prevention: There is no known prevention for hemolytic anemia.
References: Schwartz RS. Autoimmune and intravascular hemolytic anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 164.
Powers A, Silberstein LE. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SS, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone;2008:chap 47.
Schrier SL, Price EA. Extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SS, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone;2008:chap 48.
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| Review Date: 1/31/2010
Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assitant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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